Eco-environmental, and social impacts of producing electricity with various renewable energy sources

This study compares five different renewable energy sources, focusing on their economic, environmental, and social impacts. The Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and Environmental Cost Indicator (ECI) are used for economic and environmental evaluations, respectively. Results indicate LCOE values of approximately 0.048, 0.033, 0.067, 0.048, and 0.089 €/kWh for solar, wind, biomass, hydropower, and pumped storage, respectively. Environmental impacts are measured at around 0.0104, 0.0045, 0.0019, 0.0004, and 0.0180 €/kWh for the same sources.

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